What Is an Antibonding Orbital

An antibonding orbital is a molecular orbital containing an electron outside the region  between the two nuclei. As two atoms approach each other, their electron orbitals begin to overlap. This overlap forms a molecular bond between the two atoms with its own molecular orbital shape. These orbitals follow the Pauli exclusion principle in the same way as atomic orbitals. No two electrons in an orbital  can have the same quantum state. If the original atoms contain electrons where a bond would violate the rules, the electron will populate the higher energy antibonding orbital. Antibonding orbitals are denoted by an asterisk symbol next to the associated type of molecular orbital. ÏÆ'* is the antibonding orbital associated with sigma orbitals and Ï€* orbitals are antibonding pi orbitals. When speaking of these orbitals, the word star is often added to the end of the orbital name: ÏÆ'* sigma-star. Examples H2- is a diatomic molecule containing three electrons. One of the electrons is found in an antibonding orbital. Hydrogen atoms have a single 1s electron. The 1s orbital has room for 2 electrons, a spin up electron and a spin down electron. If a hydrogen atom contains an extra electron, forming an H- ion, the 1s orbital is filled. If an H atom and H- ion approach each other, a sigma bond will form between the two atoms. Each atom will contribute an electron to the bond filling the lower energy ÏÆ' bond. The extra electron will fill a higher energy state to avoid interacting with the other two electrons. This higher energy orbital is called the antibonding orbital. In this case, the orbital is a ÏÆ'* antibonding orbital. Sources Atkins P.; de Paula J. (2006). Atkins Physical Chemistry (8th ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN:0-7167-8759-8.Orchin, M.; Jaffe, H.H. (1967). The Importance of Antibonding Orbitals. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN:B0006BPT5O.

Edgar Allen Poe His Life and His Work - 1764 Words

In human nature there exists a morbid desire to explore the darker realms of life. As sensitive beings we make every effort to deny our curiosity in the things that frighten us, and will calmly reassure our children that there arent any creatures under their beds each night, but deep down we secretly thrive on that cool rush of fear. Despite our efforts to maintain a balance of respectable emotions, we are a society of people who slow down to look at traffic accidents and find excitement in the macabre. We turn off the lights when watching scary movies, and when its time to go to bed, we secretly make sure the closet doors are shut. Fear keeps our hearts pumping and endorphins rushing, for it is an emotion that reminds us of our†¦show more content†¦The psychological analysis in William Wilson is an excellent and frightening exploration of split personality two generations before Freud (Edgar Allan Poe- The Life of a Poet). br brIn his ever-popular poem The Raven, Poe takes his readers through the heart of misery with an overcastting shadow of terror. The narrator is a man home alone at night lamenting the loss of his love Lenore. As he reads and nods in and out of sleep, a rapping at his door wakes him, eventually leading him to the infamous Raven. While he at first seeks to understand this black and mysterious bird, momentarily forgetting about the death of Lenore, he is suddenly struck with the idea that this bird is sent from either Heaven or Hell. Does it send word of Lenore? Can it tell him where her soul now resides? As it perches on the bosom of Pallas, goddess of wisdom, only one word will escape its beak: Nevermore. Instead of bringing peace to his broken heart, it only seems to breed more anguish. Reflecting the narrators soul the bird will fly ‘nevermore, becoming a permanent resident of his home, alongside anguish and torment. Poes apt description of the pain and terror that this man is ex periencing demonstrates his love of words and their power to control the human heart. br brPoe seems to delight in using all the language that he can possibly fit into one sentence. Perhaps a look at comparative sentences would help to illustrate this. In Poes The Fall of the House of Usher, theShow MoreRelatedEdgar Allen Poe and His Dark Stories673 Words   |  3 PagesEdgar Allen Poe, an amazing writer and poet, known for his dark themes and use of literary elements. Many individuals read his stories and poetry, but do not know who Edgar Allen Poe is, aside from being a writer and poet. They also do not know why he wrote this way. The amount of time it took for him to be able to publish his first book or how sad he felt when his wife died, people do not know these things. These are the events that helped him become so determined and write so sorrowfully. Read MoreEdgar Allen Poe and His Work Essay1480 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Allen Poe and His Work Outline I. Introductory Paragraph I.1. Thesis statement I.2. High points II. First Paragraph II.1. Brief history of life III. Second Paragraph III.1. Edgars Writing Style III.2. Examples IV. Specific poems and short stories IV.1. Examples V. Conclusion Paragraph V.1. Restating thesis statement V.2. Restating high points of the paper Edgar Allen Poe was one of the great writers of this world. He created several poems and short stories of aRead MoreEdgar Allen Poe: A Delirious Mind1058 Words   |  5 PagesEdgar Allen Poe is one of the most descriptive writers known today. His works have been intriguing people since he began writing. The depth Edgar puts into his characters and settings is something people crave. The mysterious aspects of his stories immediately seize the readers’ attention. Edgar Allen Poe’s writing depth was affected by his drug and alcohol abuse. Edgar Poe was born on the 19th of January in 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts to Elizabeth and David Poe (Quinn 30). Both ElizabethRead More Edgar Allen Poe1501 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allen Poe Edgar Allen Poe was a great writer and made many contributions to the works of literature. He is known as the father of the American short story and also the father of the detective story. To understand Poe’s literary contributions, his early life, literacy life, and works must be examined. Each aspect of his life revolves around the other. Edgar Allen Poe was born in Boston on January 19, 1809. He was born to a Southern family who belonged in a traveling companyRead MoreRunning Head: Edgar Allen Poe 1. Edgar Allen Poe2. . .1286 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: EDGAR ALLEN POE 1 EDGAR ALLEN POE 2 Edgar Allen Poe Name Course Professor’s name Institution Date Edgar Allen Poe Edgar Allen Poe is well recognized as the author of numerous great stories of suspense and horror. He also needs to be remembered as the single author who did help in establishing and developing the real contribution of the America to the actual literature of the world, the short-story form (Bagert, 2008). Poe was the initial writer who recognizedRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe Influences709 Words   |  3 Pagesthree, lost both of his foster parents, and later lost his wife, but instead of letting loss ruin his life, he became one of the most influential American writers ever. He is Edgar Allen Poe. Poe was an expert writer in the dark Gothic style. He once said, â€Å"Words have no power to impress the mind without the exquisite horror of their reality. Edgar Allan Poe’s Life influenced his life because of people claiming he was insane, due to many of his dark and scary stories, loss of his wife, foster motherRead MoreEdgar Allen Poe And Nathaniel Hawthorne1705 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Romanticism Era, Edgar Allen Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne, how real-life events affected their writings, and how their professional careers affected their writings. Edgar Allen Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on January 19,1809 to two traveling actors (Poe s Museum). Poe was the second of three children. He had an older brother, William Henry Leonard Poe, and a younger sister, Rosalie Poe. Before Edgar was three years old, both his parents had died (Poe s Museum). Poe was then taken inRead MorePoe: An Analysis of His Work862 Words   |  4 Pages The Portable Edgar Allen Poe, edited by J. Gerald Kennedy, is a phenomenal compilation of works from one of Americas greatest writers of the nineteenth century. Published in 2006, the book contains short stories, poems, and letters, written by Edgar Allen Poe. Full of lies, hope, revenge, and guilt, the stories in this assemblage are suspenseful and convey powerful messages. Of all the amazing stories that comprise this anthology, â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†, â€Å"The Black Cat†, and â€Å"The Pit and theRead More Edgar Allen Poes The Fall of the House of Usher Essay1678 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allen Poes The Fall of the House of Usher Death is defined as, The termination or extinction of something (American Heritage Dictionary). Edgar Allen Poe uses this description in The Fall of the House of Usher in different ways. Poes intention when writing The Fall of the House of Usher was not to present a moral, lesson, or truth to the reader; he was simply trying to bring forth a sense of terror to the reader. Poes mind works this way, and critics believe this statementRead MoreEdgar Allan Poes Sorrows1033 Words   |  5 Pagessorrows. Edgar Allan Poe is considered one of the greatest of his time. He lived with his parents No sooner than his father had left his mother passed. She died from tuberculosis at the mere age of twenty four. Poe and his siblings were by her side until her last breath. He later became the dependent of John Allan of Richmond, Virginia hence Allan being Poe’s middle name. The Allans were quite fond of young Poe as they had no children. Frances Allan was very motherly and nurturing towards Poe which

CompareContrast Van Gogh and Chagall Free Essays

Compacter/Contrast Van Gogh and Chloral For this essay, I chose to compare and contrast Vincent van Sago’s â€Å"Starry Night† with Marc Chloral’s â€Å"l and the Village†. The two pieces are lovely and most interesting to evaluate in relationship to one another. I personally love both artists and upon closely examining these famous pieces, I have noticed how similar yet different these works of art are. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare?Contrast Van Gogh and Chagall or any similar topic only for you Order Now Vincent van Gogh was a deeply troubled, post-impressionist artist and his painting â€Å"Starry Night† is his most famous piece. Working from memory, he painted the oil on canvas passing the time in Saint-Remy-De-Provence located in outworn France while undergoing treatment in an insane asylum. The piece is very energetic with eleven fireball yellow stars like connect-the-dots across the big swirls, rolling blue and grey clouds in the night sky. There is a large orange, yellow crescent moon in the upper right corner offset by a tall, spiraling, deep green cypress tree in the lower left area. The pulsating sky contrasted against the little houses and the central figure of the church below, obliviously sleeping with their quiet muted colors, may be conveying that Vincent was feeling unheard and misunderstood by the tizzies of the village as well as the institution of the church; the thickly applied paint portrays this emotional intensity. The painting was done in 1898 inspired by the landscape of the asylum grounds outside his window. It is an oil on canvas and is located at The Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Marc Chloral’s and â€Å"l and the Village† is a highly imaginative, modern piece that illustrates his native Jewish village from his childhood in Russia. In the dreamy painting, there is a clearly conveyed interdependent community of peasants, animals and plants and is a imposition of beautifully blended circles and triangular shapes inspired by cubism. The colors are very vibrant and a considerable contrast exists between the reds, blues and greens. â€Å"l and the Village† integrates folk culture both Jewish and Russian and is very emotionally charged. There is a dream-like representation of an upside down violinist that brings â€Å"Fiddler on the Roof† to my mind. There is also a farmer with a scythe, pastures and a goat being milked. The two central figures are a large goat gazing into the eyes of a big green man with a cap on his head and a cross round his neck and a triangular tree in his hand that I personally believe represents the tree of life from The Bible. The painting most definitely possesses a significant amount of symbolism. The different sized circles are said to represent the earth’s revolution around the sun and the moon’s revolution around the earth. The circular structure in the lower left corner is widely interpreted to be a solar eclipse. The oil on canvas painting measures 75 inches by 59 inches, is his most famous work and is housed in the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Both paintings depict unit little villages beneath a night sky and convey a sense of harmony. They both contain celestial bodies and are both done in mostly green and blue. Both are comprised of organic and geometric shapes and contain religious symbolism in the form of churches and Chloral’s green man has a cross around his neck, but the greatest similarity I see about the two paintings is a swirling playfulness from Van Sago’s exaggerated stars and clouds to Chloral’s up-side-down musician and houses. I like the free license of post impressionism and modernism that allows the artists to envoy their personal perspectives anyway that they would like. Both paintings are housed at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Marc Chloral and Vincent van Gogh are really quite different. They are from two different time periods, Chloral being a modernist and van Gogh a post-impressionist. They also have different cultural backgrounds. Marc Chloral was most emphatically a Jewish artist and he was Russian born. Vincent van Gogh was a Dutch painter who was called to be a Christian evangelist at one time. The two paintings differ in that Chloral’s forms are ore geometrical, giving the impression of precision while Van Sago’s figures are much more organic in nature containing lots of bright, swirls spirals. L and the Village† is composed of blue, green, white and red colors while Van Sago’s â€Å"Starry Night† contains blue, green, white and yellow. As this essay draws to a close, I can honestly say that it has been most educational. Now that I know a lot more about Vincent van Gogh and Marc Chloral, I am experiencing a heightened interest in studying their life histories and o ther works of art. I loved both pieces and feel a new relatedness to them. How to cite Compare?Contrast Van Gogh and Chagall, Papers

Asian Media in Transition Essay free essay sample

Using examples from recent editions (from the last 6 months) of a particular English language newspaper published in Asia, examine how Australia and Australian issues are being reported in the newspaper. In your essay, provide a context for understanding Australia’s role in the region. You can draw on the readings for topic 2 for this. Make sure you include a thesis statement/proposition in your introduction, explaining what the central argument of your essay is. For example, it may be that discussion of Australia’s treatment of asylum seekers in Asia are still framed by the country’s historical treatment of immigrants, presenting Australia as still being stuck in the conservative past. Discuss how the reporting of Australia situates Australia in the region and the implications of these representations of Australia in Asia. Australia have been in an on-going struggle to cope with an almost constant influx of asylum seekers, many originally from Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Iran and Iraq, who make their way to Australia by boat via Southeast Asia. Australia is constantly in the spot light regarding its treatment of these aforementioned asylum seekers, with the media ever-questioning whether their complex array of policies are framed by the country’s historical treatment of immigrants, presenting Australia as still being stuck in the conservative past. Using examples from recent editions of the Jakarta Post, the largest English language newspaper in Indonesia, this essay will examine how Australia and the treatment of asylum seekers issue is being reported, how it situates Australia in the region and the implications of these representations of Australia in Asia. Since Australia became a nation in 1901, a number of recurring themes have shaped the actions of generations of policymakers: as a creation of imperial Britain, Australia has always been a long way from ‘home’ and often painfully conscious of its isolation and potential vulnerability; â€Å"The sense of being strangers in a strange land, surrounded by peoples of whom they knew little other than that they were different, alien, and possibly hostile, shaped much of Australia’s early international relations,† (Beeson, 2001). Asia was to play a pivotal role in shaping Australia’s future in that it provides immense new markets and unprecedented trading opportunities. However, Asia was seen as a threat with their overwhelming numbers. The developing racial prejudice was increasingly linked to economic concerns, with fear of Asian migrants taking work from Anglo-Australians and British Migrants. The white Australian policy, also known as the anti-Asian immigration policy, was Australia’s approach to immigration for the most part of the 20th century. Over subsequent years, Australian governments gradually dismantled the policy with the final vestiges being removed in 1973 by the new labour government (Department of Immigration and Citizenship, 2012). Nevertheless, Australia has proved to be anything but consistent when it comes to its direction in foreign relations and policies, particularly the Asian-orientated ones. On the one hand, Australia is trying to reposition itself in Asia as a friend, trader and security partner, with much reference to Asian countries as ‘neighbours’; â€Å"In framing the relationship with Asia in neighbourly terms it could appear that Australians had no thought of giving offense to people who were racially different,† (Walker 2002). And on the other hand, political leaders such as One Nation Party’s Pauline Hanson, mentioned in her maiden speech that she believes Australia is being â€Å"swamped by Asians† (New South Wales Anti-Discrimination Board, 2003). Unfortunately for those genuinely for ‘Asianization’, the white Australia policy has provided an ‘excruciatingly embarrassing legacy for subsequent generations of policymakers keen to embrace Asia, rather than keep it at arms-length’ (Beeson, 2001). The same applies to their treatment of asylum seekers. Former Prime Minister John Howard’s government introduced the so-called ‘Pacific Solution’ in response to the Tampa crisis in 2001 where hundreds of asylum seekers were stranded in international waters. The policy enforced that the asylum seekers were to be transported to detention centres based on Christmas Island, Manus Island in Papua New Guinea, and on the tiny island nation of Nauru, while awaiting processing. However, the policy was dropped in 2007 with claims that it was cruel to make people wait for years to be processed. Regardless, the current Labour government under Julia Gillard has reintroduced much of the Pacific Solution in an attempt to try deterring people smuggling. This issue too has historically-based representations of Australia as a culturally exceptionalist and racially-based society. As revealed by former Prime Minister John Howard, â€Å"if we throw up our hands and say we’re going to stop doing this, we’ll be saying to the world that anybody can come†¦ And I promise you that would be a recipe for this country, to be – I don’t want to use the word ‘invaded’, it’s the wrong expression – but the shores of this country would be thick of asylum seeker boats, thick with asylum seeker boats,† (Klocker amp; Dunn, 2003). Such inconsistencies have been damaging to Australia’s relationships with nations in the region, in particular with Indonesia as the examples of The Jakarta Post will emphasise. There has been a rapid decline in Australian-Indonesian relations since the Timor crisis in 1999 where Australia engaged in a humanitarian-led intervention which was believed to have only been done for economic and political gain (Ferguson, 2001). The Howard government in December 1999 for a time signalled that the East Timor peacekeeping operation indicated the strength of Australia in the region, and even suggested some kind of regional power role (Kelly 1999). This not only caused resentment within Indonesia, but also sparked concerns within the ASEAN (Association of South-East Asian Nations) group as a whole (Ferguson 2001). Australia’s policies have been deemed as having ‘lack of focus and direction’ with Australia being â€Å"caught between its history, economic interests and its geographic location and should be seen as in Asia but not of Asia† (Broinowski, 2001). As mentioned earlier, Australia is still dealing the overwhelming influx of asylum seekers, travelling by boat via Southeast Asia. How they are handling it in terms of the welfare and future of the asylum seekers has been a â€Å"policy arena of some considerable media prominence† (Klocker and Dunn 2003). With the use of examples from recent editions from the Jakarta Post, it is clear that Australia is not favoured by its journalists. By law, Indonesia has press freedom; Article 4 of the 1999 Press Act states: â€Å"Freedom of the press is guaranteed as a basic right of the citizens †¦ Toward the national press, there shall be no censorship, banning or broadcasting prohibition† (Basorie, 2012). Their freedom is evident in the sheer brutality of the articles, with complete disregard of its ‘neighbour’. In Melanie Morrison’s article entitled ‘Time to rethink Australian policies’ released in May 2012, she sums up Australia’s history as â€Å"a complex web of policy failures, defective laws and cheap political rhetoric. † The report focuses on how their â€Å"punitive policies† decided upon a â€Å"knee-jerk reaction† led to hundreds of Indonesian fisherman being jailed. She highlights the reality of how these men are from some of the poorest parts of Indonesia and are â€Å"economically far worse off that the people they re transporting† yet they are being punished harshly for it. She also gives voice and face to the experiences of the asylum seekers, to allow the refugees to be seen publically as individual people for whom audiences could have human sympathy. In another article by Bagus BT Saragih in June, he reports on how a people smuggling ringleader (Captain Emad) was taken into detention on Christmas Island and was given a protection visa and Australian residency only three months after his arrival. This while (as of May) there were 56 Indonesians, including children, who were still in detention in Australia. According to Indonesia’s Foreign Minister Marty Natalegawa, â€Å"if those who allegedly masterminded people smuggling were granted residency permits in Australia, while others who fell victim to such criminal acts have been detained, it really disappoints the Indonesian government. The logic is difficult to accept,† (Saragih 2012), suggesting there is simply no logic when it comes to making these decisions. There are two articles written by Duncan Graham, who is actually Australian and, according to his blog, he has previously worked for Fairfax Press (The Age amp; Sydney Morning Herald), was an ABC TV and Channel 9 presenter and producer; an AAP stringer journalist and a Radio 6NR manager. For someone with so many ties to the Australian media, you would think he would have something pro-Australian to say. But, this is not the case. In the first article entitled ‘Hundreds of lives perish while politicians bicker’, as the title suggests, he points fingers at both sides of the problem, saying the politicians of Australia and Southeast Asia have failed in not finding a solution to the issue of asylum seekers who are dying on their way to Australia. He bluntly mentions that â€Å"if the leaders were public servants, they’d be prosecuted for gross negligence. Because they are politicians, they blame others. He quotes former Liberal Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser, known for his immense support for multiculturalism, saying â€Å"our treatment of refugees, and the poisonous debate engaged in by our major political parties has done Australia much more harm throughout the region. † In the second article, he discusses the, new ‘Australia by boat – No advantage! ’ videos on YouTube, the latest strategy in a complex series of policies rapidly introduced and passed in August by t he Australian government. He begins by describing the stereotypical tourist advertisement, ‘showing majestic landscapes and fine shopping’ that say ‘please come†¦stay and enjoy our eautiful country’s advantages’. He then contrasts the starkly different message of the ‘No Advantage’ videos, 40-second clips pitched to the foreign asylum seekers in Indonesia keen to cross the Indian Ocean but facing tough new laws designed to swamp their plans. The videos state that there is no advantage in paying a people smuggler to travel to Australia, and informing that the Australian government is preparing to transfer asylum seekers who travel by boat to Nauru or Manus Island, Papua New Guinea. This includes people who arrive alone, in family groups, and children. Cut with clips of the Prime Minister, Julia Gillard, announcing the policy, the ad repeats the phrase no advantage five times, just in case the viewers do not get the message. Graham concludes the article by saying â€Å"if you still like to visit the Great South Land and cuddle a koala, do not be deterred by all this negativity. Provided you have got cash for a holiday, a visa and intention to return home you are welcome. Just don’t come by boat. † The last article sums up the general feeling regarding Australia’s policies, in that they are a joke and cannot be taken seriously. Despite the harsh measures they have taken, it has not stopped asylum seekers from getting on those boats, risking their lives for a better one. Conversely, Broinowski (2001) points out that with all the discussion and critiques of Australia’s objectionable practice of ‘caging’ illegal immigrants for long periods while their cases are processed, no one bothers to mention a comparative, perhaps the current war crimes in Mali involving cruel punishments, such as amputations, the stoning to death of an unmarried couple, summary executions, recruitment of child soldiers, among others. By considering only one perspective, these writers appear to make all other nations ‘do-gooders’ while Australia comes out as the only ‘no-gooder’. Nevertheless, it does not exclude the fact that Australia has a tarnished reputation in the region. According to Beeson, â€Å"by not having a clearly defined strategy for encouraging closer relationships with its neighbours, one which allows it to play a more effective and influential role in regional affairs, Australia may be increasingly marginalised from a region upon which its long-term military and economic security depends†. It relation to its economic security in the era of globalisation, John Stone, former secretary to the Treasury and National Party senator, rightly said, â€Å"big business is again calling for an increase in our immigration program. It should understand that there can be no hope of that unless the policies of the past twenty years are fundamentally rethought,† (New South Wales Anti-Discrimination Board, 2003). References Abolition of the White Australia Policy. 2012. Australian Government. Department of Immigration and Citizenship. Retrieved on October 15, 2012 from http://www. immi. gov. u/media/fact-sheets/08abolition. htm Anti-Discrimination Board of New South Wales. (2003). Race for the Headlines: Racism and Media Discourse. Retrieved on October 10, 2012 from http://foreword. com. au/2011/10/eatock-v-bolt-the-delicate-balance-between-racial-tolerance-free-speech/ Basorie, W. 2012. Indonesia’s press is dangerously free. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved on October 17, 2012 from http://www. thejakartapost. com/news/2012/05/15/indonesia-s-press-dangerously-free. html Beeson, M. 2001. Australia and Asia: The Years of Living Aimlessly. Retrieved on 14 October, 2012, from http://espace. ibrary. uq. edu. au/eserv/UQ:10902/mb-aa-03. pdf Broinowski, A. 2001. About face: asian representations of Australia. Retrieved on 14 October, 2012, from https://digitalcollections. anu. edu. au/bitstream/1885/46227/6/02whole. pdf Ferguson, J. 2001. Nationalism and Identity: Indonesia, Australia and East Timor. Retrieved on October 17, 2012 from http://www. international-relations. com/wbip/wblec3. htm Graham, D. 2012. Get the message: No advantage! Right?. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved on October 14, 2012 from http://www. thejakartapost. com/news/2012/09/13/get-message-no-advantage-right-part-1-2. tml Graham, D. 2012. Hundreds of lives perish while politicians bicker. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved on October 14, 2012 from http://www. thejakartapost. com/news/2012/06/28/hundre ds-lives-perish-while-politicians-bicker. html Kelly, P. 1999. Delusion of Grandeur. Weekend Australian, 11-12th December, p25. Khoo, O. 2006. Telling Stories: The Sacrificial Asian in Australian Cinema. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 27:1, pp. 45-63. Klocker, N. and Dunn, K. 2003. Who’s driving the asylum debate? Newspaper and government representations of asylum seekers. Retrieved on 14 October, 2012, from